Appendix: the claims and their sources

What the texts say, corpus by corpus; the three parts of faith alone — that faith is necessary, that it is sufficient, and that works are not the ground; what James adds, that works are the fruit of saving faith; and the readings on which James and Trent part. See TestimonyArguments.CanonicalWitness for the argument this encodes.

A citation for every atom

Every text is cited to scripture alone. That is the argument's point, and the generated manifest shows it: every text atom is marked as grounded in scripture alone. The rival grants every one of them — Trent quotes most of them itself — so what the texts say is common ground, and nothing in the argument turns on a citation that only one side accepts.

The readings are where the argument is made, and they are cited as readings: each corpus's step carries its own rated source (TestimonyArguments.CanonicalWitness.Lines). cite holds the argument's own citations; tridentineCite overrides the one atom on which Trent parts from it, the sense of "justified" in James 2:24.

The claims, numbered

claimkindheldsource
\(P_{1}\)Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusRom 3:28
\(P_{2}\)Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusRom 4:4-5
\(P_{3}\)Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusGal 2:16
\(P_{4}\)Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusGal 3:11
\(P_{5}\)Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusEph 2:8-9
\(P_{6}\)Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusTitus 3:5
\(P_{7}\)Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusHeb 10:38-39
\(P_{8}\)Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusHeb 11:6
\(P_{9}\)John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJohn 3:16-18
\(P_{10}\)John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJohn 5:24
\(P_{11}\)John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJohn 6:28-29
\(P_{12}\)Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusActs 10:43
\(P_{13}\)Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusActs 15:10-11
\(P_{14}\)Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusLuke 7:50
\(P_{15}\)Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusLuke 18:9-14
\(P_{16}\)James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJas 2:14-17
\(P_{17}\)James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJas 2:19
\(P_{18}\)James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJas 2:21-23
\(P_{19}\)James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJas 2:24
\(P_{20}\)Jude 20–21: keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ ※textualChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusJude 1:20-21
\(P_{21}\)Faith is necessary: no one is saved without ittheologicalChristian, hist.-gramm., consensusHeb 11:6; John 3:16-18; Tanner 1990, §Trent, Session VI (1547), Decree on Justification, ch. 8
\(P_{22}\)Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is savedtheologicalReformed Protestant, disputedRom 4:4-5; John 5:24; Schreiner 2015
\(P_{23}\)Works are not the ground of justificationtheologicalReformed Protestant, disputedRom 3:28; Eph 2:8-9; Schreiner 2015
\(P_{24}\)Justification is by faith alonetheologicalReformed Protestant, disputedWestminster Assembly 1647, §XI.2; Calvin 1960, §III.xi.19; of Poitiers 2013, §8.6; of Caesarea 1999, §Homily 20, Of Humility
\(P_{25}\)Good works are the fruit and evidence of a true and lively faiththeologicalReformed Protestant, well supportedWestminster Assembly 1647, §XVI.2
\(P_{26}\)Justification is by faith alone, by a faith that is never alonetheologicalReformed Protestant, disputedWestminster Assembly 1647, §XI.2
\(P_{27}\)James 2:14–26 targets a barren faith — mere assent — not Paul's doctrineinterpretiveReformed Protestant, well supportedMoo 2000, ad loc. Jas 2:14; Johnson 1995, ad loc. Jas 2:24; Jas 2:19
\(P_{28}\)‘Justified’ in James 2:21–24 means shown to be righteous (denied by Trent, which reads 2:24 as an increase of justification by works done in grace)linguisticRoman Catholic, disputedTanner 1990, §Trent, Session VI (1547), Decree on Justification, ch. 10; Jas 2:24
\(P_{29}\)Justification and sanctification are inseparable but distincttheologicalReformed Protestant, disputedWestminster Assembly 1647, §Q. 77; 1 Cor 6:11; 1 Cor 1:30; Rom 4:6; Rom 4:8; Ezek 36:27; Heb 9:13-14; Rom 3:24-25; Rom 6:6; Rom 6:14; Calvin 1960, §III.xi.6; Roberts et al. 1885, §Epistle to Diognetus 9

※ grounded in scripture alone: the reading is assumed, not argued for.

How this is checked

The positions, steps and results behind this chapter, each with the formula or the Lean that checks it

textOnly

A claim about what a text says, cited to the text alone. Every party to the argument accepts the text as scripture, so the claim is consensus.

def textOnly : List ScriptureCitation → Source :=
  fun refs =>
    { primary := Reference.scripture refs,
      tradition := Tradition.christianHistoricalGrammatical,
      confidence := Confidence.consensus }

verse

A verse, as a citation.

def verse : Book → ℕ → ℕ → ScriptureCitation :=
  fun b c v =>
    { ref := PassageRange.verse { book := b, chapter := c, verse := v } }

verses

A range of verses in one chapter, as a citation.

def verses : Book → ℕ → ℕ → ℕ → ScriptureCitation :=
  fun b c v w =>
    {
      ref :=
        PassageRange.range
          { book := b, startChapter := c, startVerse := v, endChapter := c,
            endVerse := w } }

cite

The argument's citation of every atom.

def cite : Claim → AtomMeta

tridentineCite

Trent's citations: the argument's, except the one atom Trent denies, the demonstrative sense of "justified" in James 2:24. Trent reads it as the increase of a justification already received, quoting the verse. The label states the claim Trent denies, so that "not" before it reads correctly.

def tridentineCite : Claim → AtomMeta