What follows, and what an opponent must reject

Grant the texts, read each corpus as its line reads it, and faith alone follows (canonical_establishes). Trent's position, which holds the same texts and reads James 2:24 of an increase of justification, follows from its own premises too (tridentine_establishes). Every result here is conditional on its premises, as everywhere in the library. What this argument adds is that every premise but the readings is a text all parties accept as Scripture.

What an opponent must reject

Because the texts are granted, what an opponent can reject is a reading. The opponent's burden lists every smallest set of readings whose rejection overturns the case, and proves there is no other way (canonical_burden). The library computes the sets, and no one picks them. There are exactly three, one for each part of faith alone.

To deny that works are not the ground, an opponent must reject three readings: Paul's on works, Peter's and Jesus'. Trent's position, as encoded here, takes this way: on its reading of James 2:24, works are part of the ground.
To deny that faith is necessary, three: Paul's on faith, Hebrews' and John's. Trent does not take this way, since its chapter 8 reads the Apostle's "justified by faith" of faith as "the beginning of human salvation … without which it is impossible to please God".
To deny that faith suffices, four: Paul's on faith, John's, Peter's and Jesus'. Trent's canon 9, which condemns the claim that the ungodly is justified by faith alone, denies this too. The reading of James that goes with it is set out below as a rival of its own, not as part of Trent's position.

Hebrews' reading is rated consensus, the highest rating, because Trent makes it too, and every other reading disputed, the lowest. Because every set holds more than one corpus, no single corpus is load-bearing: take any one reading away and the conclusion still follows (paul_not_load_bearing, hebrews_not_load_bearing, john_not_load_bearing, peter_not_load_bearing, jesus_not_load_bearing). Two corpora are enough, Hebrews and Jesus' words (hebrews_and_jesus_suffice).

The burden is how this library lets several witnesses matter without counting them. When three corpora say works are not the ground, an opponent has to break three readings, each on its own texts.

Paul and James

Paul's message about faith can be stated on its own: faith is necessary and it is sufficient, from Romans 4:4–5 and Galatians 2:16 and 3:11 (paul_on_faith_establishes). Does James contradict it? Not on its texts, since none of them says either. It turns on one reading, of whom James means when he asks "can that faith save him?" (2:14). Read 2:14–17 as about faith without works, and leave aside the contested sense of "justified", and Paul can be held together with every text of James (paul_on_faith_stands_with_james). James does not contradict Paul on that reading, and does not support him either. Read James's "that faith" (2:14) and "not by faith alone" (2:24) of faith as such, as Trent does, and the two cannot both be held (james_against_sufficiency_contradicts_paul). So the harmony depends on how 2:14 is read.

James does not argue for faith alone, and he does not argue against works. He argues against a faith without them: the demons' belief of 2:19, and the faith that says "go in peace" and gives nothing (2:14–17). Reformed readers distinguish justification, God's verdict, from sanctification, the believer's renewal. Read with that distinction, James 2:21–24 uses "justified" in a demonstrative sense: Abraham's offering of Isaac showed the faith already counted as righteousness in Genesis 15:6, which James himself quotes. So James adds what the other corpora do not say, that works are the fruit of saving faith. With him the conclusion becomes the Reformed formula, justification by faith alone, by a faith that is never alone. That is a paraphrase of the Westminster Confession, which calls faith "the alone instrument of justification: yet is it not alone in the person justified" (XI.2). Every text of James is a premise, 2:24 included. Jude, which does not address the question, is granted as consistent with the rest and nothing more.

Where Trent parts

Set beside the canonical witness with James, Trent parts at that sense of "justified". On Trent's reading of James 2:24, works are part of the ground, and faith alone fails. Trent's own decree says more than its reading of James. Its chapter 8 holds that nothing before justification, "whether faith or works", merits it, so Trent too denies that works ground the first justification. Its canon 24 condemns calling works "merely the fruits and signs of Justification obtained", which answers the demonstrative reading directly. The encoding takes Trent's position at chapter 10 only. The crux is found mechanically, as the one claim that breaks Trent at its reading of James (whyTheCanonicalWitnessStandsAgainstTrent). The Reformed formula needs it: without the demonstrative reading of James, "faith never alone" no longer follows (james_demonstrative_is_load_bearing). The burden with James says the same at the level of readings. Rejecting James's reading alone overturns the formula, and nothing else about faith alone changes (canonicalWithJames_burden).

The positions

Trent's position is written first, because the rival is written before anything is proved. Then come the canonical case, the case with James, and the particular burdens a reader can check one at a time: the case with one corpus's reading rejected, with the readings behind one part of faith alone rejected together, and with all but two rejected. Every text stays granted in each, and what goes is the step that reads them.

How this is checked

The positions, steps and results behind this chapter, each with the formula or the Lean that checks it

The rival

tridentineReading

Trent's world: every text holds, "justified" in James 2:24 is not demonstrative, works are part of the ground, and faith alone fails.

def tridentineReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.jamesJustifiesDemonstratively => False
    | Claim.worksAreNotTheGround => False
    | Claim.justificationByFaithAlone => False
    | x => True

tridentine_establishes

Trent's reading is coherent, and it denies faith alone. Granting every text, Trent reaches its conclusion by its reading of James 2:24.

theorem tridentine_establishes : Establishes tridentine
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

tridentine_is_satisfiable

Trent's premises have a model.

theorem tridentine_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable tridentine.premises
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

The canonical witness

canonicalReading

The world in which every text and every reading holds.

def canonicalReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun x => True

canonical_establishes

From the texts all parties accept, faith alone follows, on one reading per corpus: Paul, Hebrews, John, Peter and Jesus' words, each delivering only what its own texts say.

theorem canonical_establishes : Establishes canonicalCase
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

canonicalCase_is_satisfiable

The canonical case has a model.

theorem canonicalCase_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable canonicalCase.premises
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

canonicalWithJames_establishes

With James, the Reformed formula follows: justification by faith alone, by a faith that is never alone. James's texts — all of them, 2:24 included — are premises, and they cohere with the other corpora on the distinction between justification and sanctification.

theorem canonicalWithJames_establishes : Establishes canonicalWithJames
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

canonicalWithJames_is_satisfiable

The case with James has a model: James and the other corpora can all be held at once.

theorem canonicalWithJames_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable
    canonicalWithJames.premises
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

What an opponent must reject

The texts are granted, so what an opponent can reject is a reading. The burden lists every minimal set of readings whose rejection overturns the case, and proves there is no other way (Testimony.Logic.Burden). The results after it take its sets one at a time, as named packages a reader can check: each is an instance of the burden, and is proved from it.

canonical_burden

The opponent's burden against the canonical witness. There are exactly three ways to overturn it, one for each part of faith alone:

reject the three readings that say works are not the ground — Paul's on works, Peter's and Jesus';
or the three that say faith is necessary — Paul's on faith, Hebrews' and John's;
or the four that say faith is sufficient — Paul's on faith, John's, Peter's and Jesus'.

Nothing less overturns it, and nothing else does. Trent does not take the second way: its Decree on Justification reads the Apostle's "justified by faith" as faith "the beginning of human salvation … without which it is impossible to please God".

theorem canonical_burden : OpponentsBurden canonicalCase corpora []
    [toFaithAlone] [[Reading.paul, Reading.peter, Reading.jesus],
    [Reading.paulOnFaith, Reading.hebrews, Reading.john],
    [Reading.paulOnFaith, Reading.john, Reading.peter, Reading.jesus]]
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

What an opponent must reject. The canonical witness to faith alone concludes that justification is by faith alone. That conclusion is overturned exactly when every reading in one of these sets is rejected. Each set is minimal, and no other rejection overturns it:

Paul, on works (Romans 3:28, Ephesians 2:8–9, Titus 3:5) (disputed); Peter (Acts 10 and 15) (disputed); Jesus (Luke 7 and 18) (disputed)
Paul, on faith (Romans 4:4–5, Galatians 2:16, 3:11) (disputed); Hebrews (consensus); John (disputed)
Paul, on faith (Romans 4:4–5, Galatians 2:16, 3:11) (disputed); John (disputed); Peter (Acts 10 and 15) (disputed); Jesus (Luke 7 and 18) (disputed)

No single corpus carries it

Every set in the burden holds more than one corpus, so no single corpus's rejection overturns the case. Here is each, taken away in turn.

paul_not_load_bearing

Paul is not load-bearing. Reject both his readings, and Peter and Jesus still say that works are not the ground, Hebrews and John that faith is necessary, and John, Peter and Jesus that it suffices.

theorem paul_not_load_bearing : Establishes withoutPaul
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

hebrews_not_load_bearing

Nor is Hebrews. Paul and John say faith is necessary too.

theorem hebrews_not_load_bearing : Establishes withoutHebrews
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

john_not_load_bearing

Nor is John. Paul and Hebrews say faith is necessary, and Paul, Peter and Jesus that it is sufficient.

theorem john_not_load_bearing : Establishes withoutJohn
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

peter_not_load_bearing

Nor is Peter. Paul and Jesus still say that works are not the ground.

theorem peter_not_load_bearing : Establishes withoutPeter
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

jesus_not_load_bearing

Nor are Jesus' words. Paul and Peter still say that works are not the ground.

theorem jesus_not_load_bearing : Establishes withoutJesus
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

hebrews_and_jesus_suffice

Two corpora are enough: Hebrews, that faith is necessary, and Jesus' words, that it is sufficient and that works are not the ground. Rejecting Paul's, John's and Peter's readings leaves a reading of each set standing.

theorem hebrews_and_jesus_suffice : Establishes hebrewsAndJesus
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

withoutPaul_is_satisfiable

Each named variant has a model: rejecting readings never makes the rest inconsistent. Without Paul:

theorem withoutPaul_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable withoutPaul.premises
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

withoutHebrews_is_satisfiable

Without Hebrews, the premises have a model.

theorem withoutHebrews_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable withoutHebrews.premises
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

withoutJohn_is_satisfiable

Without John, the premises have a model.

theorem withoutJohn_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable withoutJohn.premises
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

withoutPeter_is_satisfiable

Without Peter, the premises have a model.

theorem withoutPeter_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable withoutPeter.premises
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

withoutJesus_is_satisfiable

Without Jesus' words, the premises have a model.

theorem withoutJesus_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable withoutJesus.premises
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

hebrewsAndJesus_is_satisfiable

Hebrews and Jesus' words alone have a model.

theorem hebrewsAndJesus_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable hebrewsAndJesus.premises
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

The three ways, each written down

Each way of overturning the case is a world an opponent could stand in: every text true, the readings of the other corpora granted, and faith alone false. Naming that world is what makes the burden concrete.

noWorksWitnessReading

The first way: grant every text and every reading on faith, but none of Paul's on works, Peter's or Jesus'. Faith is necessary and sufficient, but works are not shown not to be the ground.

def noWorksWitnessReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.worksAreNotTheGround => False
    | Claim.justificationByFaithAlone => False
    | x => True

works_witnesses_jointly_load_bearing

To deny that works are not the ground, an opponent must reject three readings — Paul's on works, Peter's and Jesus'. With all three rejected, faith alone no longer follows; with any one kept, it does.

theorem works_witnesses_jointly_load_bearing : ¬Establishes
    withoutTheWorksWitnesses
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

noNecessityWitnessReading

The second way: grant every text, but not Paul's reading on faith, nor Hebrews', nor John's. Faith is sufficient and works are not the ground, but faith is not shown to be necessary.

def noNecessityWitnessReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.faithIsNecessary => False
    | Claim.justificationByFaithAlone => False
    | x => True

necessity_witnesses_jointly_load_bearing

To deny that faith is necessary, an opponent must reject three readings — Paul's on faith, Hebrews' and John's. Trent does not: it reads Paul's "justified by faith" as faith the foundation of justification, without which it is impossible to please God. That part of faith alone is common ground.

theorem necessity_witnesses_jointly_load_bearing : ¬Establishes
    withoutTheNecessityWitnesses
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

noSufficiencyWitnessReading

The third way: grant every text, but not Paul's reading on faith, nor John's, Peter's or Jesus'. Faith is necessary and works are not the ground, but faith is not shown to suffice.

def noSufficiencyWitnessReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.faithIsSufficient => False
    | Claim.justificationByFaithAlone => False
    | x => True

sufficiency_witnesses_jointly_load_bearing

To deny that faith suffices, an opponent must reject four readings — Paul's on faith, John's, Peter's and Jesus'. It is the widest of the three, since four corpora say it. Trent's canon 9 denies that faith suffices, but Trent's position as encoded here (tridentine) takes the first way, at its reading of James 2:24.

theorem sufficiency_witnesses_jointly_load_bearing : ¬Establishes
    withoutTheSufficiencyWitnesses
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

canonicalWithJames_burden

The opponent's burden against the canonical witness with James. The three ways of overturning faith alone remain, and a fourth is added for the Reformed formula: rejecting James's reading alone. That set has one reading in it — James is the formula's single point of failure, as he is its only witness that works are the fruit of faith.

theorem canonicalWithJames_burden : OpponentsBurden canonicalWithJames
    (corpora ++ [jamesLine]) [p Claim.jude20_21] [toFaithAlone, toNeverAlone]
    [[Reading.paul, Reading.peter, Reading.jesus], [Reading.paulOnFaith,
    Reading.hebrews, Reading.john], [Reading.paulOnFaith, Reading.john,
    Reading.peter, Reading.jesus], [Reading.james]]
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

What an opponent must reject. The canonical witness, with James concludes that justification is by faith alone, by a faith never alone. That conclusion is overturned exactly when every reading in one of these sets is rejected. Each set is minimal, and no other rejection overturns it:

Paul, on works (Romans 3:28, Ephesians 2:8–9, Titus 3:5) (disputed); Peter (Acts 10 and 15) (disputed); Jesus (Luke 7 and 18) (disputed)
Paul, on faith (Romans 4:4–5, Galatians 2:16, 3:11) (disputed); Hebrews (consensus); John (disputed)
Paul, on faith (Romans 4:4–5, Galatians 2:16, 3:11) (disputed); John (disputed); Peter (Acts 10 and 15) (disputed); Jesus (Luke 7 and 18) (disputed)
James 2 (disputed)

James

jamesUndemonstratedReading

James read without the demonstrative sense of "justified": works are not shown to be the fruit of faith, and the Reformed formula does not follow.

def jamesUndemonstratedReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.jamesJustifiesDemonstratively => False
    | Claim.worksAreFruitOfFaith => False
    | Claim.faithAloneNeverAlone => False
    | x => True

james_demonstrative_is_load_bearing

The sense of "justified" in James is load-bearing for the formula. Take the demonstrative reading away, keeping every text of James and the distinction between justification and sanctification, and "faith never alone" no longer follows.

theorem james_demonstrative_is_load_bearing : ¬Establishes
    withJamesUndemonstrated
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

Paul on faith, beside James

Paul's message about faith, stated on its own: faith is necessary and it is sufficient. Does James contradict it? Not on its texts: none of them says either. It turns on one reading — of whom James says "can that faith save him?" (2:14).

paul_on_faith_establishes

Paul: faith is necessary and sufficient. From Romans 4:4–5 and Galatians 2:16 and 3:11 alone, on Paul's reading of them.

theorem paul_on_faith_establishes : Establishes paulOnFaith
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

paulOnFaith_is_satisfiable

Paul's claim about faith has a model.

theorem paulOnFaith_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable paulOnFaith.premises
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

paulWithJamesPlainlyReading

James's world read plainly, beside Paul's: every text of James true, the faith James calls dead is faith without works, justification and sanctification distinct — and "justified" in 2:21–24 given its ordinary sense, not the demonstrative one. Faith is necessary and sufficient.

def paulWithJamesPlainlyReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.jamesJustifiesDemonstratively => False
    | Claim.worksAreFruitOfFaith => False
    | Claim.faithAloneNeverAlone => False
    | x => True

paul_on_faith_stands_with_james

Paul's claim about faith stands with James. Every text of James, the reading of 2:14–17 as about faith without works, and the distinction between justification and sanctification can all be held with faith necessary and sufficient — and without the demonstrative sense of "justified" on which James and Trent part. The harmony does not rest on that contested sense.

theorem paul_on_faith_stands_with_james : Satisfiable (paulOnFaith.premises ++
    [paulOnFaith.conclusion] ++ jamesWithoutDemonstrative.premises)
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

jamesAgainstSufficiencyReading

The world of James read against sufficiency: every text of James true, and faith, as such, not enough.

def jamesAgainstSufficiencyReading : Valuation Claim :=
  fun a =>
    match a with
    | Claim.faithIsSufficient => False
    | Claim.justificationByFaithAlone => False
    | Claim.faithAloneNeverAlone => False
    | x => True

jamesReadAgainstSufficiency_is_satisfiable

James read against sufficiency has a model: the rival is coherent.

theorem jamesReadAgainstSufficiency_is_satisfiable : Satisfiable
    jamesReadAgainstSufficiency.premises
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

jamesReadAgainstSufficiency_establishes

The rival reading establishes what it says: faith does not suffice.

theorem jamesReadAgainstSufficiency_establishes : Establishes
    jamesReadAgainstSufficiency
-- axioms: propext, Quot.sound

james_against_sufficiency_contradicts_paul

What the harmony rests on. Read "that faith" in James 2:14 and "not by faith alone" in 2:24 of faith as such, as Trent does, and James and Paul's claim about faith cannot both be held. So the harmony is a reading, not a given: it rests on the faith James says cannot save being the faith 2:14–17 describes — faith without works — which is james2TargetsDeadFaith, cited to Moo and Johnson.

theorem james_against_sufficiency_contradicts_paul : ¬Satisfiable
    (paulOnFaith.premises ++ jamesReadAgainstSufficiency.premises)
-- axioms: propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound

Why the canonical witness stands against Trent

Both positions hold every text. They part at one reading: the sense of "justified" in James 2:21–24.

whyTheCanonicalWitnessStandsAgainstTrent

Why the canonical witness, with James, stands against Trent. The crux is the demonstrative sense of "justified" in James: it breaks Trent at exactly its reading of James 2:24, and the Reformed formula needs it. Every other premise of Trent — every text — the canonical witness holds too.

Why The canonical witness, with James stands against Trent, reading James 2:24 as justification increased by works.

The crux: \(\href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}\), a premise of The canonical witness, with James.
What it does: its conclusion does not follow without it.
Where the rival breaks: \(\lnot \href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}\) cannot be held together with \(\href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}\); each is needed for the break, and without the crux they stand.
What this rests on:
- \(\href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}\) ‘Justified’ in James 2:21–24 means shown to be righteous, not made righteous — disputed: Calvin 1960, §III.xvii.11; Jas 2:21-23

How the burdens are built

Each is built with ArgumentPackage.rejecting, the operation the opponent's burden quantifies over (Testimony.Logic.Burden), and its result is proved from that burden in TestimonyArguments.CanonicalWitness.Results. So the named burdens are instances of the computed one, and cannot drift from it.

allTexts

Every text the argument cites, from every corpus and from James. The rival holds all of them.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \(\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}}\) — James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead
(17) \(\href{claims.html#claim-17}{P_{17}}\) — James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder
(18) \(\href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}}\) — James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled
(19) \(\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}\) — James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone
(20) \(\href{claims.html#claim-20}{P_{20}}\) — Jude 20–21: keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ

tridentine — Trent, reading James 2:24 as justification increased by works

Trent. It grants every text the canonical witness reads — its Decree on Justification quotes most of them — and reads James 2:24 as the increase of a justification already received, by works done in grace (Session VI, ch. 10). So works are part of the ground, and faith alone is denied.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \(\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}}\) — James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead
(17) \(\href{claims.html#claim-17}{P_{17}}\) — James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder
(18) \(\href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}}\) — James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled
(19) \(\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}\) — James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone
(20) \(\href{claims.html#claim-20}{P_{20}}\) — Jude 20–21: keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ
(21) \(\lnot \href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}\) — denied: ‘Justified’ in James 2:21–24 means shown to be righteous (denied by Trent, which reads 2:24 as an increase of justification by works done in grace)
(22) \((\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}} \land \lnot \href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}) \rightarrow \lnot \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would deny: Works are not the ground of justification
(23) \(\lnot \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}} \rightarrow \lnot \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\lnot \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue, the denial of: Justification is by faith alone

Grounded in scripture alone: Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law, Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works, Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy, Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness, Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ, Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith, Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith, Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God, John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already, John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement, John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent, Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins, Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you, Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified, James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead, James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder, James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled, James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone, Jude 20–21: keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ.

canonicalCase — The canonical witness to faith alone

The canonical witness: every corpus, each on its own reading, and the three parts of faith alone put together.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(20) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(21) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(22) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

canonicalWithJames — The canonical witness, with James

The canonical witness with James: James read with the distinction between justification and sanctification, and Jude as consistent with the rest. It concludes the Reformed formula — faith alone, but a faith never alone.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \(\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}}\) — James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead
(17) \(\href{claims.html#claim-17}{P_{17}}\) — James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder
(18) \(\href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}}\) — James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled
(19) \(\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}\) — James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone
(20) \(\href{claims.html#claim-27}{P_{27}}\) — James 2:14–26 targets a barren faith — mere assent — not Paul's doctrine
(21) \(\href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}}\) — ‘Justified’ in James 2:21–24 means shown to be righteous (denied by Trent, which reads 2:24 as an increase of justification by works done in grace)
(22) \(\href{claims.html#claim-29}{P_{29}}\) — Justification and sanctification are inseparable but distinct
(23) \(\href{claims.html#claim-20}{P_{20}}\) — Jude 20–21: keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ
(24) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(25) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(26) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(27) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(28) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(29) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(30) \((\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-27}{P_{27}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-29}{P_{29}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-25}{P_{25}}\) — would give: Good works are the fruit and evidence of a true and lively faith
(31) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — would give: Justification is by faith alone
(32) \((\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-25}{P_{25}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-26}{P_{26}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-26}{P_{26}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone, by a faith that is never alone

One corpus's reading rejected

withoutPaul — The canonical witness, without Paul's readings

Without Paul: both his readings, on works and on faith.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(20) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

withoutHebrews — The canonical witness, without Hebrews' reading

Without Hebrews' reading.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(20) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(21) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

withoutJohn — The canonical witness, without John's reading

Without John's reading.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(20) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(21) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

withoutPeter — The canonical witness, without Peter's reading

Without Peter's reading.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(20) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(21) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

withoutJesus — The canonical witness, without the reading of Jesus' words

Without the reading of Jesus' words.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(20) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(21) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

The opponent's two ways

withoutTheWorksWitnesses — The canonical witness, without Paul's on works, Peter's and Jesus' readings

Without the three readings that say works are not the ground — Paul's on works, Peter's and Jesus'.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

withoutTheNecessityWitnesses — The canonical witness, without Paul's on faith, Hebrews' and John's readings

Without the three readings that say faith is necessary — Paul's on faith, Hebrews' and John's.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(19) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

withoutTheSufficiencyWitnesses — The canonical witness, without Paul's on faith, John's, Peter's and Jesus' readings

Without the four readings that say faith is sufficient — Paul's on faith, John's, Peter's and Jesus'.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

hebrewsAndJesus — Hebrews and Jesus' words alone

Two corpora alone: Hebrews and Jesus' words, with Paul's, John's and Peter's readings rejected.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(17) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(18) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone

James without its hinge

jamesWithoutDemonstrative — James 2

James without the demonstrative reading of "justified": his texts, and the distinction between justification and sanctification, but not the sense of 2:21–24 on which James and Trent part.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}}\) — James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-17}{P_{17}}\) — James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}}\) — James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}\) — James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-27}{P_{27}}\) — James 2:14–26 targets a barren faith — mere assent — not Paul's doctrine
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-29}{P_{29}}\) — Justification and sanctification are inseparable but distinct
(7) \((\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-27}{P_{27}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-29}{P_{29}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-25}{P_{25}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-25}{P_{25}}\) — at issue: Good works are the fruit and evidence of a true and lively faith

withJamesUndemonstrated — The canonical witness with James, without the demonstrative reading

The canonical witness with James, on that reading.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}}\) — Romans 3:28: a person is justified by faith apart from works of the law
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}}\) — Ephesians 2:8–9: saved by grace through faith, not of works
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}\) — Titus 3:5: saved not by works done in righteousness but by his mercy
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(5) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(6) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(7) \(\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}}\) — Hebrews 10:38–39: the righteous one shall live by faith
(8) \(\href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}\) — Hebrews 11:6: without faith it is impossible to please God
(9) \(\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}}\) — John 3:16–18: whoever believes has eternal life; whoever does not believe is condemned already
(10) \(\href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}}\) — John 5:24: whoever hears and believes has eternal life and does not come into judgement
(11) \(\href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}\) — John 6:28–29: the work of God is that you believe in him whom he has sent
(12) \(\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}}\) — Acts 10:43: everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins
(13) \(\href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}\) — Acts 15:10–11: no yoke on the disciples; we are saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus
(14) \(\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}}\) — Luke 7:50: your faith has saved you
(15) \(\href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}\) — Luke 18:9–14: the tax collector, not the Pharisee who listed his works, went home justified
(16) \(\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}}\) — James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead
(17) \(\href{claims.html#claim-17}{P_{17}}\) — James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder
(18) \(\href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}}\) — James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled
(19) \(\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}\) — James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone
(20) \(\href{claims.html#claim-27}{P_{27}}\) — James 2:14–26 targets a barren faith — mere assent — not Paul's doctrine
(21) \(\href{claims.html#claim-29}{P_{29}}\) — Justification and sanctification are inseparable but distinct
(22) \(\href{claims.html#claim-20}{P_{20}}\) — Jude 20–21: keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ
(23) \((\href{claims.html#claim-1}{P_{1}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-5}{P_{5}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-6}{P_{6}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: Works are not the ground of justification
(24) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved
(25) \((\href{claims.html#claim-7}{P_{7}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-8}{P_{8}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(26) \((\href{claims.html#claim-9}{P_{9}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-10}{P_{10}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-11}{P_{11}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it
(27) \((\href{claims.html#claim-12}{P_{12}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-13}{P_{13}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(28) \((\href{claims.html#claim-14}{P_{14}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-15}{P_{15}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) — would give: \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved; \(\href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}\) Works are not the ground of justification
(29) \((\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-27}{P_{27}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-28}{P_{28}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-29}{P_{29}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-25}{P_{25}}\) — would give: Good works are the fruit and evidence of a true and lively faith
(30) \((\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-23}{P_{23}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}}\) — would give: Justification is by faith alone
(31) \((\href{claims.html#claim-24}{P_{24}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-25}{P_{25}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-26}{P_{26}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-26}{P_{26}}\) — at issue: Justification is by faith alone, by a faith that is never alone

Paul on faith, on its own

Paul's message about faith, apart from what he says about works: faith is necessary, and it is sufficient. Stated as its own position, so it can be set beside James and asked whether the two cohere — and so the answer can say what it rests on.

paulOnFaith — Paul: faith is necessary and sufficient

Paul: faith is necessary and sufficient. Romans 4:4–5, Galatians 2:16 and 3:11, read as Paul's own claim about faith.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}}\) — Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}}\) — Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}\) — Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith
(4) \((\href{claims.html#claim-2}{P_{2}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-3}{P_{3}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-4}{P_{4}}) \rightarrow \href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — at issue: \(\href{claims.html#claim-21}{P_{21}}\) Faith is necessary: no one is saved without it; \(\href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved

Grounded in scripture alone: Romans 4:4–5: to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness, Galatians 2:16: not justified by works of the law but through faith in Christ, Galatians 3:11: no one is justified before God by the law; the righteous shall live by faith.

jamesReadAgainstSufficiency — James read against the sufficiency of faith

James read against sufficiency, as Trent reads him: every text of James, with "that faith" in 2:14 and "not by faith alone" in 2:24 taken of faith as such. Then faith does not suffice.

(1) \(\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}}\) — James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead
(2) \(\href{claims.html#claim-17}{P_{17}}\) — James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder
(3) \(\href{claims.html#claim-18}{P_{18}}\) — James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled
(4) \(\href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}\) — James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone
(5) \((\href{claims.html#claim-16}{P_{16}} \land \href{claims.html#claim-19}{P_{19}}) \rightarrow \lnot \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\)
\(\vdash\) \(\lnot \href{claims.html#claim-22}{P_{22}}\) — at issue, the denial of: Faith is sufficient: whoever believes is saved

Grounded in scripture alone: James 2:14–17: faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead, James 2:19: even the demons believe, and shudder, James 2:21–23: Abraham's faith was completed by his works, and Genesis 15:6 was fulfilled, James 2:24: a person is justified by works and not by faith alone.