paulineReadingSource

Paul's reading on works, cited to the Reformed exegesis, and to the first Christian writer outside the New Testament to say it: Clement of Rome, writing that we are justified "not by ourselves … nor by works which we have wrought in holiness of heart, but by that faith through which, from the beginning, Almighty God has justified all men" (1 Clement 32.4); and to Polycarp, who writes to the Philippians "knowing that by grace you are saved, not of works" (Philippians 1). Rome venerates both as saints.

def paulineReadingSource : Source :=
  { primary := Reference.work schreinerFaithAlone,
    supporting :=
      [Reference.work Bib.calvinInstitutes (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "III.xi.19"),
        Reference.work anf1 (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "1 Clement 32.4"),
        Reference.work anf1
          (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "Polycarp, Epistle to the Philippians 1")],
    tradition := Tradition.reformedProtestant,
    confidence := Confidence.disputed }

paulineFaithReadingSource

Paul's reading on faith: that it is necessary — "not justified by works of the law except through faith" (Galatians 2:16, ἐὰν μή), "the righteous shall live by faith" (3:11) — and sufficient — "to the one who does not work but believes … his faith is counted as righteousness" (Romans 4:5). Trent makes the first half of it: its chapter 8 reads the Apostle's "justified by faith" as faith "the beginning of human salvation, the foundation and root of all justification". It denies the second (canon 9), so the reading is disputed.

Two fathers Rome names Doctors of the Church say the second half in terms. Basil: "recognizing oneself as lacking true justice, to be justified by faith in Christ alone" (Homily 20, Of Humility). Hilary of Poitiers, of Jesus forgiving the paralytic: the Law could not absolve, "since faith alone justifies" — fides enim sola iustificat (Commentary on Matthew 8.6).

def paulineFaithReadingSource : Source :=
  { primary := Reference.work schreinerFaithAlone,
    supporting :=
      [Reference.work tannerDecrees
          (Bib.Locus.sectionRef
            "Trent, Session VI (1547), Decree on Justification, ch. 8"),
        Reference.work Bib.calvinInstitutes (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "III.xi.19"),
        Reference.work basilAsceticalWorks
          (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "Homily 20, Of Humility"),
        Reference.work hilaryMatthew (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "8.6")],
    tradition := Tradition.reformedProtestant,
    confidence := Confidence.disputed }

hebrewsReadingSource

Hebrews' reading: that faith is necessary. Conceded by Trent.

def hebrewsReadingSource : Source :=
  {
    primary :=
      Reference.work bruceHebrews
        (Bib.Locus.adLoc { book := Book.hebrews, chapter := 11, verse := 6 }),
    supporting :=
      [Reference.work tannerDecrees
          (Bib.Locus.sectionRef
            "Trent, Session VI (1547), Decree on Justification, ch. 8")],
    tradition := Tradition.christianHistoricalGrammatical,
    confidence := Confidence.consensus }

johannineReadingSource

The Johannine reading, cited to Calvin's commentary on John. Aquinas reads the same texts of a faith formed by charity (TestimonyArguments.SolaFide).

def johannineReadingSource : Source :=
  {
    primary :=
      Reference.work calvinJohn
        (Bib.Locus.adLoc { book := Book.john, chapter := 3, verse := 16 }),
    tradition := Tradition.reformedProtestant,
    confidence := Confidence.disputed }

petrineReadingSource

The Petrine reading, cited to Bruce on Peter's speech at the Jerusalem council.

def petrineReadingSource : Source :=
  {
    primary :=
      Reference.work bruceActs
        (Bib.Locus.adLoc { book := Book.acts, chapter := 15, verse := 11 }),
    tradition := Tradition.christianHistoricalGrammatical,
    confidence := Confidence.disputed }

dominicalReadingSource

The dominical reading, cited to Marshall on the Pharisee and the tax collector.

def dominicalReadingSource : Source :=
  {
    primary :=
      Reference.work marshallLuke
        (Bib.Locus.adLoc { book := Book.luke, chapter := 18, verse := 14 }),
    tradition := Tradition.christianHistoricalGrammatical,
    confidence := Confidence.disputed }

jamesReadingSource

James's reading: works as the fruit of a faith that has justified.

def jamesReadingSource : Source :=
  { primary := Reference.work mooJames (Bib.Locus.adLoc Scripture.james2_14),
    supporting :=
      [Reference.work johnsonJames (Bib.Locus.adLoc Scripture.james2_24),
        Reference.work Bib.calvinInstitutes
          (Bib.Locus.sectionRef "III.xvii.11")],
    tradition := Tradition.reformedProtestant,
    confidence := Confidence.disputed }

trentAgainstSufficiencySource

Trent's use of James 2:24 against faith alone: the verse it quotes in chapter 10, against the sufficiency canon 9 denies.

def trentAgainstSufficiencySource : Source :=
  {
    primary :=
      Reference.work tannerDecrees
        (Bib.Locus.sectionRef
          "Trent, Session VI (1547), Decree on Justification, ch. 10 and canon 9"),
    tradition := Tradition.romanCatholic, confidence := Confidence.disputed }

trentOnJamesSource

Trent's reading of James 2:24: justification increased by works.

def trentOnJamesSource : Source :=
  {
    primary :=
      Reference.work tannerDecrees
        (Bib.Locus.sectionRef
          "Trent, Session VI (1547), Decree on Justification, ch. 10"),
    tradition := Tradition.romanCatholic, confidence := Confidence.disputed }

The lines

paulineLine — Paul, on works (Romans 3:28, Ephesians 2:8–9, Titus 3:5)

Paul, on works, read as canon: the undisputed letters with Ephesians and Titus, whoever wrote them. "Apart from works of the law" (Romans 3:28), "not of works" (Ephesians 2:9), "not by works done in righteousness" (Titus 3:5): works are not the ground.

paulineFaithLine — Paul, on faith (Romans 4:4–5, Galatians 2:16, 3:11)

Paul, on faith: faith is necessary — no one is justified except through it (Galatians 2:16, 3:11) — and sufficient — to the one who does not work but believes, faith is counted as righteousness (Romans 4:4–5). Paul's own message, stated apart from what he says about works.

hebrewsLine — Hebrews

Hebrews, read as its own corpus: faith is necessary.

johannineLine — John

John: whoever believes has life, and whoever does not is condemned already.

petrineLine — Peter (Acts 10 and 15)

Peter, in Luke's report: forgiveness to everyone who believes, and salvation through grace, without the yoke.

dominicalLine — Jesus (Luke 7 and 18)

Jesus, in Luke: the woman whose faith saved her, and the tax collector who went home justified.

toFaithAlone

The three parts, together, are faith alone.

jamesLine — James 2

James, read with the distinction between justification and sanctification: the faith he calls dead is the demons' assent, and the justification he means is the display of a faith already counted as righteousness. So works are the fruit of saving faith, not its ground.

toNeverAlone

Faith alone, with its fruit, is faith that is never alone.

trentOnJames

Trent's reading of James 2:24. "Justified" there is the increase of a justification already received, by works done in grace; so works are part of its ground, and faith alone is denied.

jamesAgainstSufficiency

Trent's reading of James against sufficiency. James says faith without works is dead and cannot save (2:14–17), and that a person is justified "not by faith alone" (2:24); read of faith as such, that denies that faith suffices. The rival to the reading on which James and Paul cohere: there, the faith that cannot save is the faith 2:14–17 describes, faith without works (james2TargetsDeadFaith).

notAloneIfWorksGround

And what follows from that: not faith alone.

corpora

The corpora, one reading each, Paul's two readings first.

def corpora : List (Line Claim) :=
  [paulineLine, paulineFaithLine,
    hebrewsLine, johannineLine,
    petrineLine, dominicalLine]

The readings, by name

What an opponent can reject is a corpus's reading. The burden numbers the readings by their place among the lines — the corpora, then James — and these names say which is which, so every burden below reads as the corpora it concerns. readings_named checks each name against its line.

readings_named

Each reading's name points at its own line.

theorem readings_named : (corpora ++ [jamesLine])[Reading.paul]? = some
    paulineLine ∧ (corpora ++ [jamesLine])[Reading.paulOnFaith]? = some
    paulineFaithLine ∧ (corpora ++ [jamesLine])[Reading.hebrews]? = some
    hebrewsLine ∧ (corpora ++ [jamesLine])[Reading.john]? = some johannineLine
    ∧ (corpora ++ [jamesLine])[Reading.peter]? = some petrineLine ∧ (corpora
    ++ [jamesLine])[Reading.jesus]? = some dominicalLine ∧ (corpora ++
    [jamesLine])[Reading.james]? = some jamesLine
-- axioms: propext